The most common misconception in basic neuroscience  are:

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MYTH EACH CHILD HAS A PARTICULAR LEARNING STYLE
FACT The notion that a pupil tends to learn better by favoring a particular form of sensory input—a “visual learner” as opposed to one who listens better—has not received much validation in actual studies. For this and other myths, public perceptions appear to have outstripped the science. Uta Frith, a neuroscientist who chaired a British panel that looked at the promise of neuroeducation, urges parents and educators to tread cautiously: “There is huge demand by the general public to have information about neuroscience for education. As a consequence, there's an enormous supply of totally untested, untried and not very scientific methods.” - Scientific American, 5 Common Myths about the Brain

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Male brains are biologically better suited for math and science, female brains for empathy.

There are small anatomical differences between male and female brains, this much is certain. The hippocampus, involved in memory, is usually larger in women, while the amygdala, involved in emotion, is larger in men. (The opposite of what you’d expect from this myth.) But evidence suggests gender disparities are due to cultural expectations, not biology. For example, in 1999, social psychologists at the University of Waterloo in Ontario gave women and men a difficult math test. Women—even those with strong math backgrounds—scored lower than men, unless told the test had revealed no gender differences in the past. Then the women performed equally well as the men.  Popular Science, 10 Brain Myths Busted

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Students learn best when teaching styles match their learning styles.

Ever asserted that you need lessons delivered visually or verbally? We hate to break it to you, but there’s just no support for that. In 2006, psychologists at the University of California at Santa Barbara found that students didn’t perform any better on a test when given instructions in their preferred style. And a 2009 review paper found no studies upholding the claim—popular among both educators and students—that teaching and learning styles should match. That said, there are broad principles under which everyone seems to learn better, such as through repetition, testing, and by spacing out learning sessions. Popular Science, 10 Brain Myths Busted

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There is a central 'battery" in the brain that supplies all power to the nerves

In fact, each nerve cell supplies it own energy, via the Krebs cycle in its mitochondria, o power the sodium pump which maintains the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium that supports a resting membrane potential and action potentials. 

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All connection in the brain are electrical

In fact,. there are many synaptic connections throughout the nervous system moderated by the release and uptake of neurotransmitters, not electrical connections. Direct electrical connections may polarize or depolarize dendrites to make actions potentials more or less likely, without triggering the cell directly.

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There are only a few neurotransmitter molecules

There are dozens, and many new ones are recently discovered. It may be that there are many more yet to be found, and their actions my be multiple and distributed rather than specific and local.

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